The list

Pipeline

Filter the twenty-one programmes. Open one for the dossier, or pin up to three to compare.

Platform

Country

Challenge

Antigen

21 of 21

In humans — or already licensed

01EV76-NIIEGLive Y. pestis; campaigns in Mongolia since 2002Live attenuatedRussia & China — state programmesLicensed · Phase 4long-standing

02PMMM — microencapsulated rF1 + rVSingle subcutaneous dose; reg. LP-004808SubunitRussia — State Res. Ctr. for Applied MicrobiologyMarketing authorisationApr 2024

03rF1V + CpG 1018Dynavax; rF1V originated at USAMRIID, Fort DetrickSubunitUS Department of Defense — fully fundedSNY $40.20+0.64 (+1.62%)Phase 2 · enrolled Q3 20252021–now

04Native F1 + rV in alumPhase 2a n=240; Phase 2b two-regimen trialSubunitChina — Lanzhou Inst. Biological Products + Jiangsu CDCPhase 2a → Phase 2b2014–now

05ChAdOx1 Plague (F1 + V)Same vector platform as the Oxford COVID-19 vaccineViral vectorUK — Innovate UK (UKRI), Oxford Vaccine GroupPhase 1 · n=40Jul 2021

06rF1V + flagellin adjuvantTLR5-ligand adjuvanted F1/V fusion proteinSubunitUS — NIH / NIAIDPhase 12009–now

Preclinical — animal models only

07F1 mRNA-LNP — single doseCircularly permutated F1; 100% survival in micemRNAIsrael — IIBR (Prime Minister's Office) + Tel Aviv Univ.Preclinical · bubonic2023

08Bivalent F1 + LcrV mRNA-LNPProtects against two wild-type strains and an F1-negative strainmRNAIsrael — IIBR (Prime Minister's Office) + Tel Aviv Univ.Preclinical · pneumonicApr 2025

09Self-amplifying RNA-LNP, F1 + VTwo doses; tested against a Madagascar clinical isolatesaRNAUK — Imperial College LondonPreclinical · bubonic2023

10Ad5-YFV — YscF / F1 / LcrVNeedle- and adjuvant-free; 100% of macaques survived aerosol challengeViral vectorUS — UTMB Galveston National LaboratoryPreclinical · primates2016–2021

11CO92 ΔlppΔmsbBΔail / Δpla (LMA, LMP)Cleared from animals in 12–24 h; avirulent under iron overloadLive attenuatedUS — UTMB GalvestonPreclinical · pneumonic2015–2016

12CO92 Δpgm / ΔpPst · ΔyscNFull protection against subcutaneous and aerosol challenge in miceLive attenuatedUS — USAMRIID, Fort DetrickPreclinical · aerosol2021

13EV76-B-SHUΔplaEV76 further attenuated by deleting plasminogen activatorLive attenuatedChina — state institutesPreclinical · intratracheal2020

14VTnF1 — oral, single doseEncapsulated Y. pseudotuberculosis carrying the caf operonBacterial vectorFrance — Institut PasteurPreclinical · both forms2015–2020

15Outer-membrane vesicles + modified LPSRemodelled Y. pseudotuberculosis expressing V antigenBacterial / OMVChina — academicPreclinical · pneumonic2022

16Salmonella Typhimurium — F1 / Psn / VOral delivery; strong against injected challenge, weaker on aerosolBacterial vectorUS — academicPreclinical2004–2016

17F. tularensis LVS — F1 / LcrV + anthrax PAOne vector against three Tier-1 select agentsBacterial vectorUS — academicPreclinical · respiratory2018

18Bacteriophage T4 nanoparticle — F1-V + PAAdjuvant-free dual anthrax / plague vaccineNanoparticleUS — academicPreclinical · pneumonic2018

19Polyanhydride nanovaccine — rF1VSingle intranasal dose with cyclic dinucleotideNanoparticleUS — academicPreclinical · pneumonic2019

20DNA fusion vaccine — anthrax / plagueGold-coated constructs delivered by gene gunDNAUS — USAMRIID, Fort DetrickPreclinical · aerosol2012

21Peptidoglycan-free bacterial ghostsEmptied bacterial envelopes produced with a phage lytic systemBacterial / OMVRussia — State Res. Ctr. for Applied MicrobiologyPreclinical2022